Alzire and Voltaire

Voltaire's short play, Alzire, was a surprisingly popular piece in colonial Haiti. Performed at least 7 times between 1765 and 1783, and in 3 of the important towns of the colony, the play must have resonated with audiences. Voltaire's sympathies for the Incas aside, the play seems to be praising a type of selfless Christianity represented by Alvarez, the father of the tyrannical, ruthless leader, Guzman. Unlike Guzman, Alvarez is critical of the Spanish thirst for gold and violence against the indigenous peoples of Peru. Moreover, Alvarez was saved earlier by Zamor, a rebel and the lover of Alzire, the princess (and daughter of Montezuma) who was pushed into marriage with Guzman. 

As one can likely imagine, the romances and sense of loyalty (to one's father, to one's people, and to one's faith) come to occupy a major role in the story, which ends well despite its tragic setting. The Incas, represented by Montezuma and the "cacique" Zamor of Potosi, are also intriguingly presented as both morally superior to the "barbarian" Spanish while at the same time, suffering from the delusions of their idolatry. Hence, the conflict between Montezeuma and Zamor, who was believed to have been killed earlier, is fueled by the former's acceptance of Christianity and submission to the Spanish while Zamor pledges vengeance. Those familiar with Haiti and Dessalines might feel their Spidey senses tingling here, since Zamor's position as the avenger of the Americas may have influenced the writers of Dessalines, who famously repeated the same proclamation. 

Perhaps the moral redemption of Guzman at the play's conclusion, which demonstrated to Zamor that Christianity could have virtue, may have hinted at a possibly fruitful future for Alvarez, Zamor and Alzire as Christianity and a benevolent regime developed. One could see this message appealing to people of color and some Creoles in Saint Domingue, who, while rejecting enslavement and the inevitable exploitation and abuses that accompanied it, still saw value in Christianity and European civilization. Indeed, perhaps Zamor and Alzire, with Alvarez representing the "benevolent" white father, could usher in a new world that, whilst still drawing from their past as the ruling elite of the old, promised a brighter new New World.