African America vs. African Canada

Contrary to Ishmael Reed's Flight to Canada perhaps leading one to think of the nation as a heaven for African-Americans, Canada and the US share a similar black-white inequality gap, despite the former's history of providing safe haven to runaway American slaves and the absence of Jim Crow policies. An amazing essay, "Black Canadians and black Americans: racial income inequality in comparative perspective" Paul Attewell , Philip Kasinitz & Kathleen Dunn provides some useful data based on income distribution. Although Blacks in both states share a broadly inferior income vs. whites, Canada's black-white gap is a little better, despite the study's authors finding that, once one removes controls, the gap is essentially the same. Interestingly, the aforementioned authors found that third or more generation Black Canadians, like African-American descendants of US slaves, shared a similarly lower educational profile and income than third or more generation whites. Like Afro-Caribbean and other Black immigrants in the US, however, first and second generation Afro-Canadians (overwhelmingly descendants of Anglophone Afro-Caribbean immigrants as well as Haitians and Africans) fare much better than third generation or more Blacks. They also disprove downward assimilation theory for second-generation blacks of Caribbean/African immigrant heritages in both the US and Canada.